Kōga-ryū

Kōga-ryū (甲賀流, "School of Kōga"; occasionally transliterated as "Kōka") is an ancient school of ninjutsu, according to Japanese legend. It originated from the region of Kōga (modern Kōka City in Shiga Prefecture). Members of the Koga school of shinobi (ninja) are trained in disguise, escape, concealment, explosives, medicines and poison; moreover, they are experts in techniques of unarmed combat (Taijutsu) and in the use of various weapons.

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History

The beginnings of the Kōga-ryū may be traced to near the end of the Muromachi period. While the town of Kōka was under the jurisdiction of the Rokkaku (lit. "hexagon") clan, it was a kind of autonomous municipality composed of peasant unions, then called sō (惣). All important decisions in the municipality were made by a majority vote from the union representatives, this kind of system was uncommon for the period in question.

Sasaki Rokkaku of Ōmi Province, using Kannonji Castle as a base, started to steadily build up military might. He made light of commands from the Ashikaga shogunate, and eventually began to ignore the shogunate altogether. In 1487, GeneralAshikaga Yoshihisa brought with him an army to stamp out this rebellion, and a battle between Ashikaga and Rokkaku’s camps ensued. Ashikaga mobilized daimyo from several provinces against the castle of Kannonji, the headquarters of the Rokkaku; as a result, Rokkaku Masayori and Rokkaku Takayori (Masayori's son) were forced to flee to the castle of Kōka. The factual accuracy of their escape is debated and it is likely that they gave up the town to avoid a direct confrontation instead.

Ashikaga then moved his base to Anshiyoji of Kurita District and attacked the castle of Kōka. Kōka fell, but the Rokkaku duo escaped again and ordered the Kōka warriors who followed them to mount a heavy resistance against Ashikaga using guerrilla warfare. Exploiting their geographical advantage in the mountains, the Kōka warriors launched a wide range of surprise attacks against Ashikaga’s forces, and tormented them by using fire and smoke on Ashikaga’s camp during the night. The guerrilla warfare prevented a final showdown, until Ashikaga died in battle in 1489, ending the three-year conflict and sparing the lives of the Rokkaku duo.

The elusive and effective guerrilla warfare used by the Kōka warriors became well known throughout the whole country. This also marked the first time that the ninja of Kōka were drafted as a regular army by their lord. Previously, they were only mercenaries and it was not uncommon to have warriors from Kōka on both sides of a battle. As a result of this victory, thelocal samurai in the 53 families who participated in this battle were called "the 53 families of Kōka".

The last Soke of Kōga-ryū was 14th headmaster Fujita Seiko (1898-1966). In his own autobiography ど ろ ん ろ ん 最 後 の 忍 者 « Doronron : Saigo no Ninja » « The last ninja » October 1958 , Fujita Seiko categorically states that he has not and will not teach anyone Ninjutsu and would not pass on the school

The Bugei ryuha dai jiten, a definitive Encyclopedia of Martial art schools, catalog of Koryū Bujutsu (old schools) and Gendai Budō (new schools) of Japanese martial arts (budo) States that no one knows this school today.

Few today, who state a connection to Koga Ryu, can show any evidence to back up this claim.

Arts of the Kōka

The Kōka ninja practiced similar arts as their Iga counterparts. The Kōka had separated the arts so they could practice solely on what was needed for certain situations. Instead of mixing all the teachings, separating them allowed them to focus, yet they used them together in a lethal combination.

• Angou: Signaling

• Bajutsu: Horsemanship art

• Bōjutsu: Staff art

• Boryaku: Military strategy

• Chimon: Geography

• Choho: Espionage

• Gokui atemi sakkatsuho zukai: Secret killing strikes art

• Goton-no-jutsu: Five elements escape methods

• Hensōjutsu: Camouflage art

• Hichojutsu: Jumping art

• Hojōjutsu: Rope tying art

• Hojutsu: Gunpowder and fire art

• Kusarigamajutsu: Kusarigama art

• Kyushojutsu: Vital points art

• Iaijutsu: Sword drawing art

• Intonjutsu: Escaping and concealment art

• Jōjutsu: Short staff art

• Jouhou kaishuu: Information gathering

• Karumijutsu: Body lightening art

• Kenjutsu: Sword art

• Kukushi bukijutsu: Hidden weapons art

• Kyuba: Mounted archery

• Kyujutsu: Archery art

• Naginatajutsu: Naginata art

• Shinobi-iri: Stealth and entering methods art

• Seishinteki kyōyō: Spiritual refinement

• Shurikenjutsu: Throwing weapon art

• Sojutsu: Spear art

• Suijutsu: Swimming art

• Suirenjutsu: Water survival art

• Taihenjutsu: Body moving art

• Taijutsu: Unarmed combat

• Tenmon: Meteorology

• Zanshin: Clear mental awareness

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Weapons and equipmen

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The following tools may not be exclusive to the ninja, but they are commonly associated with the practice of ninjutsu.

Composite and articulated weapons

• Kusarigama - kama linked to a weight, either by a long rope or chain.

• Kyoketsu-shoge - hooked rope-dart, featuring a metal ring on the opposite end.

• Bō - 3' (Han Bō), 4', 5' (Jō) and 6' (Rokushakubō) wooden pole techniques.

• Kusari-fundo, also known as manriki or manriki-gusari - a chain and weight weapon.

Fistload weapons

• Kakute - rings resembling modern wedding bands with concealed, often poison-tipped spines, typically worn by kunoichi and enabling ninja to quietly strangle enemies with the pointed ends against the neck or throat.

• Shobo - a jabbing or piercing weapon, similar in shape to kubotan and yawara, but often featuring a center grip ring.

• Shuriken - various small hand held weapons including throwing stars, darts and blades that could be used to stab, slash or they could be thrown.

• Kubotan - or "hand stick". Used mainly for pressure points, subduing opponents.

• Tekko - an earlier version of brass knuckles.

• Tessen - a folding fan with an iron frame. It could be used to club or cut and slash the enemy.

• Jitte - A weapon similar to the sai.

Modified tool weapons

• Kunai - multi-purpose tool.

• Shikoro - used as a tool for opening doors and stabbing or slashing.

Projectile weapons

• Fukiya - Japanese blowgun, typically firing poison darts.

• Makibishi/tetsubishi - the Japanese type of caltrop.

• Shuriken - various small hand held weapons including throwing stars, darts and blades that could be used to stab, slash or thrown at the enemy.

• Yumi and Ya - traditional Japanese bow and arrow.

• Bo-hiya - fire arrow.

• Tekagi-shuko and Neko-te - hand "claw" weapons.

• Chakrams - disk like projectiles like boomerangs.

Staffs and polearms

• Hanbō, bō, jō, and Tambō - various sized staff weapons.

• Yari - traditional Japanese spear that's similar to the naginata.

• Nagamaki - pole arm with roughly equal length blade and handle.

• Naginata - traditional Japanese pole-arm used by women and samurai.

Swords

• Katana - a long curved and single-edged sword, more commonly used by samurai or ninja who disguised themselves as samurai.

• Wakizashi - short sword that can be hidden on the ninja's body, also a backup weapon.

• Ninjatō - an edged weapon used by ninja as swords. Ninjato can be stolen katana from samurai or forged by ninja themselves with varying lengths. There's some doubt as to whether or not ninja actually used such swords.

• Tantō - dagger.

• Kaiken - Similar to the tantō.

• Bokken - traditional wooden sword use in Japanese martial arts typically modeled off of katanas.

• Shinai - bamboo sword used in kendo.

Stealth tools

• Kaginawa or grappling hook - climbing and Hojojutsu composite tool that also functioned as a makeshift gaff hookweapon.

• Shinobi shōzoku - the reputed ninja clothing.

• Ono (weapon) - Japanese axe and hatchet.